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ยป related terms | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X - Z |
| Act of
god |
|
An unpredictable situation which is beyond
the power of man. A natural event, not preventable
by any human power, such as flood, storms,
or lightning. Forces of nature that a carrier
has no control over and therefore cannot be
held responsible. |
|
Force majeure |
| Address commission |
|
Percentage of commission charged
by charterers |
|
Commission / Brokers |
| Agency fees |
|
Fees charged by agents who have attended
to the ship's business during her stay at
the port. In most maritime countries, there
are fixed scales of charges (tariffs) covering
agency work. The fees, usually, vary according
to the size and nature of the cargo, as well
as the ship's tonnage. |
|
Disbursement accounts / agents |
| All ends |
|
Applies to all ports, which
will be visited according to the chartering
agreement. See also both ends. |
|
Loading / discharging
ports |
| All risk |
|
A form of coverage, providing protection
against all risks of physical loss or damage
from any external cause |
|
Marine insurance |
| All time saved both ends |
|
All working time saved at both ends - used
in connection with dispatch. It means that
dispatch will be paid for all time saved. |
|
Dispatch / laytime |
| All told. |
|
Some times the deadweight capacity of a
vessel is expressed with the addition ''all
told'', meaning that the capacity given represents
the total deadweight capacity, including bunkers,
water, provisions, dannage, stores, spares
etc. The net (for cargo) capacity of a ship
is expressed as ''cargo capacity''. |
|
Dwt = dead-weight
Cc = cargo capacity |
| Alongside |
|
A phrase referring to the side of a ship.
Goods to be delivered "alongside"
are to be placed on the dock or barge within
the reach of the transport ship's tackle so
that they can be loaded aboard the ship. |
|
Port / Loading
/ Discharging |
| Annual survey |
|
Survey which a ship is obliged (according
to the classification society's rules) to
undertake annually. |
|
Classification society |
| Available hatch |
|
Hatch opening which is available for loading
or discharging operations. |
|
Loading / discharging
time |
| Bale capacity |
|
The volume capacity of a ship, as far as
"packed" (non bulk) cargoes are
concerned |
|
Volume |
| Ballast
bonus |
|
The compensation
for the ballast trip from the port or place
where the ship became open to the place of
delivery. (Time charter). |
|
Time
charter / delivery |
| Baltic Exchange |
|
Like Lloyd's, the Baltic Exchange began
its life as a coffee-house in which in the
eighteenth century, shipowners and merchants
might be found. The Baltic Exchange, however,
specializes in the acquisition and disposal
of shipping tonnage, rather than insurance. |
|
|
| Before breaking
bulk |
|
An expression
which actually means, ''before starting discharging'' |
|
Freight
payment |
| Beneficiary |
|
The person in whose favor a draft is issued
or a letter of credit opened. |
|
Letter of
credit / Bills of Lading |
| Biffex |
|
Biffex - Baltic International
Freight Futures Exchange. (an exchange inaugurated
in 1985 by the Baltic exchange. On this exchange
there are two daily sessions for trading freight
contracts, which are to be performed at some
later date -up to two years- against a weighted
freight index. This index, the Baltic freight
index -bfi-, reflects the present market and
expectations for the market's development
in the future. By BIFFEX trading owners, charterers
and other parties on the shipping scene, including
speculators, may protect themselves against
the risk of and play on the volatility of
freight rates and time charter hires. |
|
State
of the market - indicators |
| Bill of lading |
|
Document issued on behalf of the carrier
describing the kind and quantity of goods
being shipped, the shipper, the consignee,
the ports of loading and discharge and the
carrying vessel. It serves as a document of
title, a contract of carriage, and a receipt
for the goods shipped on board. |
|
Loading of
Goods |
| Both
ends |
|
An expression which is
frequently used when negotiating the loading
/ discharging cost or time allowed. By the
words both ends we mean the loading and discharging
ports. In case that more than one loading
/ discharging ports are involved, we may use
the expression ''all ends'' |
|
Loading
- discharging |
| Break bulk |
|
Loose cargo, such as cartons, stowed directly
in the ship's hold as opposed to containerized
or bulk cargo. |
|
Cargo |
| Break
Bulk Vessels |
|
Vessels for miscellaneous
types of cargo such as crates, pallets, drums,
slings, bags etc. |
|
Ship
/ Vessel |
| Breaking bulk |
|
An expression which actually means, to start
discharging. |
|
Discharging
operations |
| Bunkering
clause |
|
Usually, a time charter
agreement will stipulate the terms under which
the bunkers on board will be delivered to
the use of the charterers and the terms under
which the bunkers remaining on board will
be redelivered to owners. Such clause is called
the bunkering clause. |
|
Time
charter - time charterer - bunkers |
| Bunkers |
|
All kinds of fuel consumed by the machinery
on board a ship in order to operate. |
|
Ship - engine
- consumption |
| Buyer |
|
The person or company
that purchases a ship or a commodity. |
|
S&p
/ trading |
| Canceling
date |
|
The date by which the charterers have the
exclusive right to cancel a chartering deal. |
|
Laytime
- laycan |
| Cargo |
|
Goods, merchandise
or commodities of any description, which may
be carried aboard a vessel, in consideration
of the freight, charged; does not include
provisions and stores for use on board. |
|
|
| Cargo capacity |
|
See glossary, dead-weight |
|
Vessel |
| Cargo manifest |
|
See manifest
of cargo |
|
Loading
operations |
| Carriage of goods by
sea act (c.o.g.s.a.) |
|
The act provides the ship owner's per shipping
package, and it stipulates a one-year time
limit for filing suit against the carrier.
This act automatically applies to international
ocean movements but not to domestic ocean
transits unless the carrier agrees to be bound
by it. |
|
|
| Carrier |
|
This term, usually refers
to a steamship company, but can also refer
to a trucking, airline, or railroad one as
transporter of cargo. |
|
|
| Centrocon |
|
A charter-party approved by the chamber
of shipping of the united kingdom. In use
for shipments of grain, usually from river
plate to all parts of the world. |
|
Charter party
- contract |
| Certificate
of inspection |
|
A document often required
with shipments of perishable or other goods.
The certificate notes the good condition of
the merchandise immediately prior to shipment. |
|
Loading
/ Cargo |
| Charter party |
|
A written contract between the owner of
a vessel and the charterer, setting forth
the terms of the arrangement, i.e., Freight
rate and ports involved in the contemplated
trip. |
|
Contract
- agreement |
| Charterers'
broker |
|
The broker who is direct
with the charterers |
|
Broker
- charterer |
| Classification society |
|
Organizations which set design / construction
/ safety, standards laid down in rules. The
ship owner is not compelled to classify his
ship in such a society, however he usually
does so for insurance and trading purposes.
They publish a register of ships (usually
greater than a 100 grt) , hence the name Lloyds
register. They also provide advice to shipowners
/ builders carry out research and development
into design and analysis of structures, leading
to their improvement. The rules are extensive
and include scantlings, materials, equipment,
machinery, piping etc. Lately they are also
involved in ISM / ISO certification. Classification
societies require the maintenance of standards
and are involved in annual surveys, periodic,
special surveys etc., Of the classed vessels. |
|
Vessel -
owners - seaworthiness |
| Clean
bills of lading |
|
Bills of lading without
remarks regarding the condition of the goods,
freight or other payments etc. |
|
Bills
of lading |
| Clean on board |
|
Meaning that the goods have been shipped
on board clean (in apparently good condition). |
|
Bills of
lading |
| Collect
freight |
|
The freight is payable
at destination provided the vessel delivers
the goods as specified. |
|
Freight
payment |
| Common carrier |
|
Transporter who holds himself out to the
general public for the transportation of goods
over a definite route and according to a regular
schedule. |
|
|
| Compass |
|
Instrument containing
a magnetic needle which points to the north
and which is used on board the ships to sow
the 'magnetic' north. Instrument for drawing
circles. Also used to count the distance on
a chart.
|
|
Gyro
compass |
| Consignee |
|
Party who is to receive the good; usually
the buyer. |
|
Bill of lading |
| Consignment |
|
Merchandise shipped to
a foreign agent or customer when an actual
purchase has not been made, but under an agreement
obliging the consignee to pay the consignor
for the goods when sold. |
|
Loading
operations |
| Containerization |
|
Shipping system based on large cargo-carrying
containers ranging up to 48 feet long that
can be easily interchanged between trucks,
trains and ships without re-handling the contents. |
|
Cargo packaging |
| Contraband |
|
During the time of war,
materials carried aboard a vessel that could
aid a belligerent in the process of the war,
such as arms, weapons or munitions. |
|
|
| Contract |
|
An agreement recognized and enforced by
the law |
|
|
| Counter
offer |
|
The expected
reply to a firm offer or a preceding counter
offer. |
|
Chartering
negotiations |
| Custom of the port
(cop) |
|
The ship will be loaded and or discharged
according to the customs of the port for the
specific type of cargo / ship. |
|
Laytime -
loading/ discharging time |
| Customs
broker |
|
Licensed by Customs to
clear shipments for clients. |
|
|
| Damages
for detention |
|
Damages for breach of contract. The loss
attributable to such breach must be proven
to the satisfaction of the court. |
|
Legal
steps - court |
| Dead-freight |
|
Freight payable
for any amount of cargo, which was not loaded
due to charterers or shippers fault. |
|
Freight
- voyage charter |
| Dead-weight |
|
Measured in tons. It is principally the
sum of the cargo capacity of a ship, fuel
on board , fresh water , stores , crew and
effects plus constants (weight which cannot
be removed from the tanks or the double bottoms
of a ship like mud etc.). Dead-weight = displacement
minus light ship |
|
Cargo capacity
- vessel - displacement - light ship |
| Delivery
certificate |
|
Whenever
a ship is delivered on time charter, a certificate
of deliver is drawn up and signed by the master
and the owners' and charterers' representatives.
The same procedure is followed during redelivery
of the ship. |
|
Time
charter |
| Demurrage |
|
Compensation payable by the shipper or receiver
or charterers to the carrier due to the excess
time taken for loading or unloading a vessel.
Demurrage refers only to situations in which
the charterer or shipper or receiver (not
the vessel's operator) is at fault. |
|
Laytime -
laytime calculation/ analysis |
| Displacement |
|
The weight
of the ship in fully loaded condition. |
|
Light
ship - dead-weight - cargo capacity |
| Distance freight |
|
In case that the cargo is discharged in
a port other than the original port of destination,
a so called 'distance freight' can be claimed. |
|
Freight -
dead freight - discharging port |
| Dues
taxes |
|
Expenses related to loading
or discharging ports. Under voyage charter
is up to the agreement to define "who"
is responsible for such expenses, under time
charter it is the charterers who pay same. |
|
Cost
elements - voyage charter |
| Estimated
time of arrival |
|
Estimated time of arrival (eta) is the time
when the vessel is expected to arrive at the
port of loading or discharging. It is usually
followed by the expression 'weather permitting'
(wp) |
|
Laytime
- Lay days |
| Export
license |
|
Government
document permitting the licensee to participate
in the export of designated goods to certain
destinations. |
|
|
| First refusal |
|
It is sometimes agreed that either the owners
or the charterers will have the so-called
'first refusal' over an agreement. First refusal
actually means that a deal will be initially
discussed with the party having the 'first
refusal' right and unless this party turns
it down, the offering party will not have
the right to offer such deal to a third party.
Such an advantage is usually given to a 'good'
client who offered good services in the past. |
|
Agreement
- deal |
| Fixture |
|
The act of
concluding a chartering deal |
|
Charter
party - recap - subjects |
| Force majeure |
|
The title of a standard clause
in marine contracts exempting the parties
for non-fulfillment of their obligations as
a result of conditions beyond their control,
such as earthquakes, floods, or war. |
|
Act of God |
| Free
despatch |
|
The owners
do not have to pay despatch money in case
that vessel completes loading or discharging
operations before laytime is expired. |
|
Demurrage
- despatch - laytime |
| Free Port |
|
A port or an area or a city
into which merchandise may legally be moved
without payment of duties |
|
Port |
| Free
pratique |
|
Formalities
which take place on vessel's arrival in a
port. Actually the medical acceptance of a
ship by the port authorities. |
|
Laytime
- agents - port authorities |
| Freight |
|
Money charged by the carrier
for transporting goods. The reward payable
to the carrier for the carriage and arrival
of the goods in a merchantable condition,
ready to be delivered to the merchant. |
|
|
| Freight
Forwarders |
|
Freight forwarder
is licensed to perform various services for
the movement of cargo. He should have the
expertise, technology and worldwide resources
to create cost effective transportation strategies. |
|
|
| Frustration |
|
Circumstances beyond control
of parties involved in a chartering agreement,
which forced such agreement to be frustrated. |
|
Chartering
agreement |
| Fuel
oil |
|
Type of fuel
consumed by auxiliary engines or by smaller
ships' (coasters) main engine. |
|
Engine
- consumption |
| Full and complete cargo |
|
It is sometimes agreed that
a vessel will load a 'full and complete cargo'',
that is the exact quantity to be loaded is
not known, however the parties agree that
the ship will load up to her permissible draft
or cargo capacity according to the prevailing
circumstances of the port and the ship herself. |
|
Cargo quantity
- freight |
| Gatt -
(general agreement on tariffs and trade) |
|
GATT is a binding contract among (in early
1992) 103 governments. GATT was established
in 1947 as an interim measure pending the
establishment of the international trade organization,
under the Havana charter. The international
trade organization (ITO) was never ratified
by congress. Operating in the absence of an
explicit international organization, GATT
has provided the legal framework for international
trade with its primary mission being the reduction
of trade barriers. |
|
|
| Geared |
|
Vessels equipped
to load and discharge by their own means (derricks
or cranes) |
|
Ship
/ Vessel / Loading / Discharging |
| Gearless |
|
Vessels not equipped to load and discharge
by their own means (without derricks or cranes) |
|
Ship / Vessel
/ Loading / Discharging |
| General
average (g.a.) |
|
Ancient principle
of equity in which all parties in a sea adventure
(ship, cargo, and freight) proportionately
share losses resulting from a voluntary and
successful sacrifice of part of the ship or
cargo to save the whole adventure from an
impending peril, or extraordinary expenses
necessarily incurred for the joint benefit
of ship and cargo. |
|
|
| Grab discharging |
|
Certain types of bulk cargoes may be discharged
by means of special grabs. Such grabs are
either connected to ships derricks or to shore
cranes. The ship, in order to accept grab
discharging, should be suitable for grab discharging. |
|
Discharging
operations |
| Grain
capacity |
|
The volume
capacity of a ship as far as bulk cargoes
are concerned. (grains) |
|
Volume
- grain cargoes |
| Grain cargoes |
|
Wheat, maize, rye, barley, oats, rice, paddy
rice, pulse, seeds, nuts, nut kernels etc.
These cargoes are usually carried in bulk.
Wheat, rye and maize are considered as heavy
grains, while barley and oats are classified
as light grains. |
|
Cargo - commodity |
| Gross weight |
|
The full weight of a shipment,
including goods and packaging. |
|
|
| Groupage |
|
Consolidation of several consignments. (into
one container for instance) |
|
|
| Heavy Lift
Vessels |
|
Vessels equipped to "self-load"
and discharge heavy pieces of cargo. |
|
Ship / Vessel |
| I.M.C.O |
|
Intergovernmental Maritime Commission. Set
up in 1958. It seeks to promote consultation
among shipping and maritime nations for the
resolution of their problems and the unification
of their laws. |
|
|
| Incoterms |
|
Terms by
the international chamber of commerce (ICC).
This codification of terms is used in foreign
trade contracts to define which parties incur
the costs and at what specific point the costs
are incurred. |
|
|
| Inter alia |
|
Among other things. |
|
|
| Joint venture |
|
A business undertaking in which more than
one firm share ownership and control of production
and/or marketing. |
|
|
| Letter
of credit |
|
A letter addressed by a bank, for the insurance
and responsibility of a buyer of merchandise,
to a seller, authorizing him to draw drafts
to a stipulated amount under specified terms
and undertaking conditionally or unconditionally
to provide eventual payment for drafts. |
|
|
| Light
ship |
|
The weight
of the ship without cargo, fuel, water, stores
etc. |
|
Displacement
- dead-weight |
| Lighterage |
|
The act of discharging part
of the cargo in order to 'lighten' the ship
and reach a permissible draft in order to
enter a port. |
|
Discharging operations |
| Log Book |
|
Log books, an ancient practice
of keeping a record of a vessel's voyage.
Log books are intended to be an accurate record
of the sip's activities and are chiefly important
in a legal context in legal proceedings, particularly
courts of inquiry into shipping casualties.
There are several different logs such as deck,
engine room and sounding logs which are usually
kept by appropriate officers, under the general
supervision and authority of the ship's master. |
|
Ship - Shipboard management |
| Lump-sum |
|
The charterers pay a fixed
amount of freight, regardless to the quantity
of cargo loaded. |
|
Freight |
| Manifest
of cargo |
|
Itemized list by bill of lading number of
the kind and quantity of all cargoes loaded
aboard a vessel, prepared by the vessel's
master. |
|
Bill
of Lading |
| Marine insurance |
|
Insurance covering loss or damage of goods
at sea. Typically, marine insurance will compensate
the merchandise owners for losses sustained
from fire, shipwreck, piracy, and various
other causes. However, this excludes losses,
which can be legally recovered from the carrier. |
|
|
| Misrepresentation |
|
The particulars shown in a
charter - party are not correct. |
|
Charter party
- agreement |
| Mortgagee |
|
Somebody who has a maritime
mortgage over a ship. |
|
Maritime
Mortgages - Liens |
| Nominee
(or) |
|
A condition that gives the right to the
charterers who concluded a deal to nominate
a third party, which will act on their behalf.
Usually this party will be guaranteed by the
original charterers. |
|
Charterers
- chartering agreement |
| Notice
of readiness (nor) |
|
Notice given
by the master of the ship, informing shippers
or receivers (usually through the agents)
that the ship is ready to commence loading
or discharging operations. |
|
Laytime
- port - agents - receivers |
| Off hire |
|
Under a time charter and in case of breakdown
of engines / winches or in case of dry-dock
or any other reason which may render the vessel
inefficient for a period of time, it is usually
agreed that hire shall cease (the ship will
be of hire) until she is efficient again |
|
Time charter -
time charterer |
| Owners'
broker |
|
Brokers who
are dealing directly to the owners of a ship.
|
|
Broker -
owner |
| P&i |
|
Protection and indemnity club |
|
Insurance
- protection - indemnity |
| Packing
list |
|
A list which
shows not only the information necessary for
transport, but also the number and kinds of
items being shipped. |
|
|
| Pallet |
|
Low portable platform, usually wooden, on
which cargo is stacked for storage or transportation;
a skid. |
|
|
| Past
us |
|
The commission
quoted by a broker and does not include his
share. Usually, we should add .25% for his
share of commission. |
|
Commission
- brokerage |
| Perils of the sea |
|
Fortuitous accidents or casualties, peculiar
to transportation on a navigable water, such
as stranding, sinking, collision of the vessel,
striking a submerged object, or encountering
heavy weather or other unusual forces of nature. |
|
|
| Phytosanitary
inspection certificate |
|
A certificate,
issued by the department of agriculture to
satisfy import regulations for foreign countries,
indicating that a shipment has been inspected
and is free from harmful pests and plant diseases. |
|
|
| Pilferage |
|
Theft of part of the contents of a shipping
package. |
|
|
| Pro
forma invoice |
|
An invoice provided by
a supplier prior to the shipment of merchandise,
informing the buyer of the kinds and quantities
of goods to be sent, their value, and important
specifications (weight, size, etc.) |
|
|
| Prompt |
|
Means the vessel that can be ready to load
at a short notice (within a few days). Also
means that a cargo is expected to be load-ready
soon (in a few days). |
|
Lay-can |
| Ro/Ro Vessels |
|
Vessels for vehicles such as cars, trucks
etc. |
|
Ship / Vessel |
| Safe berth |
|
A berth of a port, where a ship lies always
afloat and always accessible |
|
Loading
/ discharging port |
| Safe
port |
|
A port which
can be reached safely and which is not affected
by bad weather. |
|
Loading
- discharging port |
| Said to weight |
|
A term usually stipulated in
bills of lading, regarding to the weight loaded |
|
Bills of
lading - quantity of cargo |
| Seaworthiness |
|
An important part of Shipowners
obligations. Actually meaning that the ship
is safe to sail and curry the cargo. |
|
Ship / Vessel
/ Classification Society |
| Spot |
|
A common term used for 1. A
ship, which can sail to the first loading
port of the proposed employment, immediately
after the agreement has been concluded. 2.
A cargo which is load-ready. |
|
Lay-can |
| Straight bill of lading |
|
Non-negotiable bill of lading
in which the goods are consigned directly
to a named consignee. |
|
Bills of
Lading |
| Subrogation |
|
Operation by which the insurance
company (on payment of a claim) assumes all
of the assured's rights to recovery from any
third parties; substitution of one creditor
for another. |
|
Marine Insurance |
| Substitute (or) |
|
A condition which give the
right to the owner to substitute the originally
fixed vessel with another one which will meet
the requirements of the chartering agreement.
|
|
Vessel -
owners - chartering agreement |
| Supercargo |
|
Under time charter it is not
unusual that the charterers reserve the right
to keep on board a supercargo at their own
expense. |
|
Time charter |
| Surveyor |
|
Marine specialist who examines
damaged property and determines the cause,
nature, and extent of damage and methods of
repair and/or replacement. He is not an adjuster,
and all his actions are without prejudice
to policy terms and conditions. |
|
|
| Through
bill of lading |
|
Bill of lading converting both the domestic
and international carriage of an export shipment.
An air waybill is essentially a through bill
of lading used for air shipments. However,
ocean shipments usually require two separate
documents - an inland B/L for domestic carriage
and an ocean B/L for international carriage.
Through bills of lading are insufficient for
ocean shipments. |
|
|
| Transshipment |
|
To transfer from one ship or conveyance
to another for further transit. |
|
|
| Volume
(capacity) |
|
The capacity of a ship in volume. See also
grain and bale capacity. |
|
Vessel |
| Weather
working days |
|
Days of the week during which
the loading or discharging operations of a
ship are not prevented by bad weather |
|
Laytime
/ lay-days / loading / discharging rate |
| Wharfage |
|
A charge
assessed by a pier or dock owner for handling
incoming or outgoing cargo. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
